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1. INTRODUCTION
Theewater Sports Club (TSC) recognises that October 2005 marks the 10th
anniversary of the Working for Water programme introduced in South
Africa to control and eliminate the 198 alien invasive plant species.
TSC also acknowledges its responsibility towards the call made by Dr
Naomi Mdzeke in September 2005 for communities to be more aware of and
take responsibility for removing alien invasive plants to protect our
natural resources. 'These plants have invaded more than 10 million
hectares of the country, which is about 8% of the available land. They
multiply so fast and if left unchecked, the problem could double in the
next 15 years'.
South
Africa, New Zealand and Australia are all working together in a
southern hemisphere coalition to fight the global problem of invasive
plants. It costs the South Africa government about R600 million a year
to remove invasive alien plants.
These
plants are vigorous growers and are highly adaptable to different
climates. They damage our natural ecosystems by forcing out indigenous
plants, damaging the biodiversity. Because they have no natural
predators or diseases, they are able to thrive. The most detrimental
effect on the environment is the vast amount of water these plants use.
About 7% of all water run-off is lost to these invasive plants - a
figure that translates to about 3,3 billion cubic metres of water
annually - about 70 times the volume of water in the Theewaterskloof
dam when the dam is at full supply level!
TSC
therefore wishes to take responsibility for the area of land we own and
the land that we lease from the Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF) to ensure that we set the example to fellow South
Africans. With this in mind we have formulated a policy, with the
approval from DWAF, which we plan to implement with immediate effect.
1.1 Purpose
The TSCIPP establishes the principles and procedures by which TSC
manages and removes invasive species from the property under its
management and jurisdiction and how it will implement the restoration
of the area in terms of planting and encouraging the planting of more
appropriate indigenous species. This policy aims to standardize
procedures for staff and Club members and provide continuity to ensure
the viability of plant and animal life that would not pose a threat to
the neighbouring conservation areas but enhance them as well. The
policy will also serve to assist with short, medium and long term plans
to implement the ultimate removal of invasive species in co-operation
with its Club members and DWAF.
1.2 Scope
This policy covers all the areas under the management of TSC (including
both the ground belonging to TSC and the ground currently leased from
DWAF and will include any additional land which we may acquire in
future) and applies to Club management, staff and Club members. 1.3 Legal Framework
This policy is in support of and subject to regulations pertaining to
the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 and those
laid down by DWAF regarding declared Weeds and Alien Invader Plants in
South Africa.
1.4 Spirit
1.4.1 This policy is in line with the Agricultural Resources Act and
the regulations of provincial and national nature conservation bodies
and biodiversity bodies such as South African Nation Biodiversity
Institute (SANBI) based at Kirstenbosch, and the Cape Action for People
and the Environment (CAPE) Fine Scale Biodiversity Planning.
1.4.2
TSC and its Club members will not knowingly plant or encourage the
planting of invasive species and will make reasonable attempts to
remove all invasive species with the assistance of DWAF, staff and Club
members and replace these with more appropriate species.
1.4.3 The policy should be periodically
reviewed and revised if necessary.
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Invasive species
See
Appendix A for a complete list of Alien Invader Species.
2.1.
Appropriate species
Indigenous species that would support the diversity of other plant and
animal life in the area and would not be a declared invasive species
and include the following:
Indigenous level 1: Species that
occur naturally in the Western Cape fynbos, renosterbos and karoo
biomes.
Indigenous
level 2: Species that occur naturally in South Africa.
(See
Appendix C for recommended indigenous species for TSC).
2.2.
Removal
Ridding TSC property of invasive species mechanically by sawing,
uprooting and poisoning where necessary. Another option could be by
natural competition of indigenous species by introducing pressure on
invasive species with high impact planting in suitable areas of
vigorous indigenous species that seed prolifically (possibly Acacia
species, White Stinkwood, Keurboom and Wild Peach). Contact can also be
made with Working for Water on Tel: 0800 005 376 for more information
on alien vegetation removal.
(See
Appendix B for problem invasive species at TSC).
2.3.
Restoration
The preparation of the ground for
and the planting of more appropriate species after the removal of
invasive species.
2.4. Conservation
To plant and encourage existing species of the area and to prevent the
destruction thereof when planning and developing the area.
2.5.
Biodiversity
Biological diversity is the variety of life in all its forms, levels
and combinations and interactions. This includes ecosystem diversity,
species diversity, and genetic diversity.
3. GUIDING
PRINCIPLES
3.1
To develop the area to a level where it is supportive of and similar to
the neighbouring conservancy thereby reducing the potential of
infesting the conservancy with invasive species.
3.2 To provide a haven and a migration
corridor for local species of animals and insects.
3.3
To enhance members' enjoyment of the area by replacing a sterile,
lifeless environment with one that teems with a diversity of plants
that would in turn support a diversity of animal life.
3.4
To provide an educational opportunity and to create an awareness of
invasive species for staff, Club members and the local community.
4. RESPONSIBILITIES
While
the primary responsibility of the removal of invasive species rests
with TSC management and DWAF, responsibility also rests with Club
members, especially those who lease permanent sites. Club members who
lease permanent sites will be responsible for the planting of
indigenous species and the removal and replacement of inappropriate
species on their sites as specified by Club management.
Appendix
A
This is the complete list of invasive
species as published by National Biodiversity Institute (NBI),
Kirstenbosch
Abyssinian'
coleus Plectranthus comosus Sims Category 3
Aleppo grass
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Category 2
Aleppo pine Pinus
halepensis Mill. Category 2
Ant Tree Triplaris americana L.
Category 1
American bramble Rubus cuneifolius Pursh and
hybrid Category 1
Australian Albizia Paraserianthes
lophantha (Willi.) Category 1
Australian blackwood Acacia
melanoxylon R.Br. Category 2
Australian cheesewood
Pittosporum undulatum Vent. Category 1
Australian myrtle
Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) Category 1
Australian silky
oak Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. Category 3
Azolla
Azolla filiculoides Lam. Category 1
Bailey's wattle Acacia
baileyana F.Muell. Category 3
Balloon vine Cardiospermum
grandiflorum Sw. Category 1
Banana poka Passiflora
mollissima (Kunth) Category 1
Bananadilla Passiflora
mollissima (Kunth) Category 1
Barbados gooseberry Pereskia
aculeata Mill. Category 1
Beefwood Casuarina cunninghamiana
Miq. Category 2 (Not for use in dune stabilisation)
Belhambra
Phytolacca dioica L. Category 3
Black ironbark Eucalyptus
sideroxylon A.Cunn. Category 2
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia L. Category 2 (Only for use as
rootstock if authorised by Executive Officer in terms of regulation
15B(10))
Black wattle Acacia meamsii De Wild. Category 2
Bloodberry Rivina humilis L. Category 1
Blue echium Echium
vulgare L. Category 1
Blue passion flower Passiflora caerulea
L. Category 1
Brazilian pepper tree Schinus
terebinthifolius Raddi Mult categories
Brazilian guava
Psidium guineense Sw. Category 3
Bridal wreath Anredera
cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis Category 1
Brittle willow Salix
fragilis L. Category 2 (Not to be confused with indigenous species)
Bugweed Solanum mauritianum Scop. Category 1
Burweed
Achyranthes aspera L. Category 1
Butterfly orchid tree
Bauhinia purpurea L. Category 3
Californian privet
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. Category 3
Camel thorn bush
Alhagi maurorum Medik. Category 1
Camphor tree Cinnamomum
camphora (L.) J.Presl Mult categories
Canadian water weed
Elodea canadensis Michx. Category 1
Canary pine Pinus
canariensis C.Sm. Category 2
Castor - oil plant Ricinus
communis L Category 2
Cat's claw creeper Macfadyena
unguis-cati (L.) Category 1
Chandelier plant Bryophyllum
delagoense (Eckl.) Category 1
Cherry pie Lantana - all
seedbearing forms Category 1
Chilean cestrum Cestrum parqui
L'Hér. Category 1
Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense Lour.
Category 3
Chinese tamarisk Tamarix chinensis Lour. Mult
categories
Chinese wax - leaved privet Ligustrum lucidum Aiton Category 3 (Only
for use as root-stock if authorised by the Executive official in terms
of regulation 15C(5))
Chir pine Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
Category 2
Chromolaena Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King
Category 1
Clover broomrape Orobanche minor Sm. Category 1
Cluster pine Pinus pinaster Aiton Category 2
Cochineal
prickly pear Opuntia monacantha Haw. Category 1
Common dodder
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. Category 1
Common mulberry Morus alba L. Category 3 (Excluding cultivar "Pendula",
and only for use as root-stock if authorised by the Executive official
in terms of regulation 15C(5))
Common privet Ligustrum
vulgare L. Category 3
Common thorn apple Datura stramonium
L. Category 1
Coral Bush Ardisia crenata Sims Mult
categories
Coralberry tree Ardisia crenata Sims Mult
categories
Cotoneaster Cotoneaster franchetii Boiss. Category
3
Crack willow Salix fragilis L. Category 2 (Not to be
confused with indigenous species)
Crimson cestrum Cestrum
elegans (Brongn.) Schtdl. Category 1
Crofton weed Ageratina
adenophora (Spreng.) Category 1
Dense-thorned bitter apple
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Category 1
Dense water weed
Egeria densa Planch. Category 1
Devil's pumpkin Passiflora
suberosa L. Category 1
Downy thorn apple Datura innoxia Mill.
Category 1
Drooping prickly pear Opuntia monacantha Haw.
Category 1
Durban guava Psidium x durbanensis Baijnath ined.
Category 1
Eglantine Rosa rubiginosa L. Category 1
European blackberry Rubus fruticosus L. agg. Category 2
European gorse Ulex europaeus L. Category 1
False lebbeck
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Category 1
Feathertop
Pennisetum villosum R.Br. ex Fresen. Category 1
Field
bindweed Convolvulus arvensis L. Category 1
Formosa lily
Lilium formosanum A. Wallace Category 3
Fountain grass
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Category 1 (Excluding sterile cultivar
"Rubrum")
Giant reed Arundo donax L. Category 1
Giant sensitive plant Mimosa pigra L . Category 3
Golden
wattle Acacia pycnantha Benth. Category 1
Granadina
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Category 1
Green wattle Acacia
decurrens (Wendi.) Willd. Category 2
Grey ironbark
Eucalyptus paniculata Sm. Category 2
Grey poplar Populus x
canescens (Aiton) Sm. Category 2
Guava Psidium guajava L.
Category 2
Harrisia cactus Harrisia martinii (Labour.)
Britton Category 1
Himalayan firethorn Pyracantha crenulata
(D.Don) Category 3
Hoary candaria Lepidium draba L.
Category 1
Honey mesquite Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Var.
Category 2
Honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos L. Category 2
(Excluding sterile cultivars)
Horsetail tree Casuarina
equisetifolia L. Category 2 (Not for use in dune stabilisation)
Imbricate cactus Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. Category 1
Imbricate prickly pear Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. Category 1
Indian laurel Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Category 1
Indian shot Canna indica L. Category 1 (Excluding hybrid cultivars)
Indigo berry Passiflora suberosa L. Category 1
Inkberry
Cestrum laevigatum Schtdl. Category 1
Invading ageratum
Ageratum conyzoides L. Category 1
Jacaranda Jacaranda
mimosifolia D.Don Category 3 (Excluding sterile cultivar "Alba")
Jambolan Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Category 3
Japanese wax
- leaved privet Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Category 3
Johnson grass Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Category 2
Jointed cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindl. Category 1
Kahili
ginger lily Hedychium gardnerianum Category 1
Kangaroo
wattle Acacia paradoxa DC. Category 1
Kariba weed Salvinia
molesta D.S.Mitch. Category 1(And other species of the family
Salviniaceae)
Karri Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell. Category
2
Kudzu vine Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Category 1
Lantana Lantana - all seedbearing forms Category 1
Large
cocklebur Xanthium strumarium L . Category 1
Large flowered
prickly pear Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Category 1
Large
round-leaved prickly pear Opuntia spinulifera Salm-Dyck Category 1
Large thorn apple Datura ferox L. Category 1
Lebbeck tree
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Category 1
Lesser broomrape
Orobanche minor Sm. Category 1
Leucaena Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit Mult categories
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda L.
Category 2
Long - leaved wattle Acacia longifolia (Andr.)
Willd. Category 1
Long spine cactus Opuntia exaltata
A.Berger Category 1
Longifolia pine Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
Category 2
Loquat Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.
Category 3
Lucerne dodder Cuscuta suaveolens Ser. Category 1
Madeira vine Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis Category 1
Manatoka Myoporum tenuifolium G.Forst. Category 3
Matchwood
poplar Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm. Category 2
Mauritius
thorn Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston Category 1
Mexican ageratum Ageratum houstonianum Mill Category 1 (Excluding
cultivars)
Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.)
A.Gray Category 1
Mission prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Category 1
(Excluding spineless cactus pear cultivars and selections)
Mistflower Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King Category 1
Monterey pine Pinus radiata D.Don Category 2
Montpellier
broom Cytisus monspessulanus L. Category 1
Moon cactus
Harrisia martinii (Labour.) Britton Category 1
Moonflower
Ipomoea alba L. Mult categories
Morning glory Ipomoea indica
(Burm.f.) Merr. Mult categories
Morning glory Ipomoea
purpurea (L.) Roth Category 3
Moth catcher Araujia sericifera
Brot. Category 1
Nassella tussock Nassella trichotoma
(Nees) Arech. Category 1
New Zealand christmas tree
Metrosideros excelsa Sol. ex Gaertn. Category 3
Old man
saltbush Atriplex nummularia Lindl. Category 2
Oleander
Nerium oleander L. Category 1 (Excluding sterile, double-flowered
cultivars)
Orange cestrum Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Category
1
Orchid tree Bauhinia variegata L. Category 3
Pampas grass Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf Category 1
Pampas grass Cortaderia selloana (Schult.) Asch. Category 1 (Excluding
sterile cultivars)
Parrot's feather Myriophyllum aquaticum
(Vell.) Verdc. Category 1
Parthenium Parthenium
hysterophorus L. Category 1
Patterson's curse Echium
plantagineum L. Category 1
Patula pine Pinus patula Schltdl.
& Cham. Category 2
Peanut butter cassia Senna
didymobotrya (Fresen.) lrwin Category 3
Pearl acacia Acacia
podalyriifolia A.Cunn. Category 3
Pepper - cress Lepidium
draba L. Category 1
Pepper tree wattle Acacia elata A.Cunn.
ex Benth. Category 3
Persian lilac Melia azedarach L.
Category 3
Pest pear of Australia Opuntia stricta (Haw.)
Haw. Category 1
Pickerel weed Pontederia cordata L. Category
3
Pink tamarisk Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Mult categories
Pitanga Eugenia uniflora L. Mult categories
Pom pom weed
Camputoclinium macrocephalum Category 1
Port Jackson Acacia
saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. Category 2
Potato creeper
Solanum seaforthianum Andr. Category 1
Purple loosestrife
Lythrum salicaria L. Category 1
Queen of the Night Cereus
jamacaru DC. Category 1
Radiata pine Pinus radiata D.Don
Category 2
Rambling cassia Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.
Category 3
Red eye Acacia cyclops A.Cunn. ex G.Don Category 2
Red ginger lily Hedychium coccineum Sm. Category 1
Red ironbark Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. Category 2
Red
river gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Category 2
Red
sesbania Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. Category 1
Red
sunflower Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake Category 1
Red water fern Azolla filiculoides Lam. Category 1
Rivina
Rivina humilis L. Category 1
Rock hakea Hakea gibbosa (Sm.)
Cav. Category 1
Rose apple Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Category 3
Rose gum Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden
Category 2
Rosea cactus Opuntia fulgida Engelm. Category 1
Saligna gum Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden Category 2
Saucepan cactus Opuntia spinulifera Salm-Dyck Category 1
Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Category 1
Scotch
thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Category 1
Screw - pod
wattle Acacia implexa Benth. Category 1
Silky hakea Hakea
sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl Category 1
Silver -
leaf cotoneaster Cotoneaster pannosus Franch. Category 3
Silver wattle Acacia dealbata Link Mult categories
Silver-leaf bitter apple Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Category 1
Singapore daisy Thelechitonia trilobata (L.) H.Rob. Mult categories
Sisal Agave sisalana Perrine Category 2
Slash pine Pinus
elliotti Engelm. Category 2
Small round - leaved prickly pear
Opuntia lindheimeri Engelm. Category 1
Spanish broom
Spartium junceum L. Category 1
Spanish reed Arundo donax L.
Category 1
Spear thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.
Category 1
Spider gum Eucalyptus lehmannii (Schauer) Mult
categories
Spiked water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Category 1
Spiny cocklebur Xanthium spinasum L. Category 1
Sponge - fruit saltbush Atriplex lindleyi Moq. Subsp. inflata Category
3
St Joseph's lily Lilium formosanum A. Wallace Category 3
St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum L. Category 2
Stink bean
Paraserianthes lophantha (Willi.) Category 1
Strawberry guava
Psidium cattleianum Sabine Category 3
Sugar gum Eucalyptus
cladocalyx F.Muell. Category 2
Surinam cherry Eugenia
uniflora L. Mult categories
Sveetbriar Rosa rubiginosa L.
Category 1
Sweet hakea Hakea drupacea (C.F.Gaertn.) Roem.
Category 1
Sweet locust Gleditsia triacanthos L. Category 2
(Excluding sterile cultivars)
Sweet pittosporum Pittosporum
undulatum Vent. Category 1
Sweet prickly pear Opuntia
ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Category 1 (Excluding spineless cactus pear
cultivars and selections)
Sword fern Nephrolepis exaltata
(L.) Schott Category 3 (Excluding cultivars)
Syringa Melia
azedarach L. Category 3
Tickberry Lantana - all seedbearing
forms Category 1
Tipton weed Hypericum perforatum L. Category
2
Tipu tree Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze Category 3
Toon tree Toona ciliata M.Roem. Category 3
Torch cactus
Echinopsis spachiana (Lem.) Fiedrich Category 1
Tree - of -
heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Category 3
Tree
daisy Montanoa hibiscifolia Benth. Category 1
Triffid weed
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King Category 1
Triplaris
Triplaris americana L. Category 1
Trumpet lily Lilium
formosanum A. Wallace Category 3
Velvet mesquite Prosopis
velutina Wooton Category 2
Water hyacinth Eichhornia
crassipes (C.Mart.) Solms Category 1
Water lettuce Pistia
stratiotes L. Category 1
Watercress Rorippa nasturtium -
aquaticum (L.) Category 2
Wax tree Rhus succedanea L.
Category 1
Weeping willow Salix babylonica L. Category 2 (Not
to be confused with indigenous species)
White ginger lily
Hedychium coronarium J. König Category 1
White mulberry Morus alba L. Category 3 (Excluding cultivar "Pendula",
and only for use as root-stock if authorised by the Executive official
in terms of regulation 15C(5))
White poplar Populus alba L.
Category 2
White tussock Nassella tenuissima (Trin.)
Barkworth Category 1
White-flowered Mexican poppy Argemone
ochroleuca Sweet Category 1
White top Lepidium draba L.
Category 1
Wild tomato Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. Category 1
Wild morning glory Convolvulus arvensis L. Category 1
Wild
tobacco Nicotiana glauca Graham Category 1
Woolly
plectranthus Plectranthus comosus Sims Category 3
Yellow
bells Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth Category 1
Yellow cestrum
Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. Category 1
Yellow firethorn
Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) Category 3 (Excluding cultivars)
Yellow ginger lily Hedychium flavescens Roscoe Category 1
Yellow oleander Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum. Category 1
Yellow-flowered Mexican poppy Argemone mexicana L. Category 1
Appendix B
List
of invasive species that have been identified at TSC as being immediate
problem species, thereby being targeted for systematic eradication and
are no longer to be planted under any circumstance:
Beefwood Casuarina cunninghamiana
Black wattle Acacia mearnsii
Brazilian
pepper tree Schinus terebinthifolius
Indian Shot canna indica
Pine trees Pinus various species
Port Jackson Acacia saligna
Red Sesbania Sesbania punicea
Rooikranz Acacia cyclops
Spanish broom Spartium junceum
Syringa Melia azadarch
Weeping willow Salix babylonica (Not to be confused with indigenous
species)
Appendix
C
Short
list of indigenous species that have been identified as appropriate for
planting and replacement of invasive species at TSC:
Trees
African holly Ilex mitis
Cape ash Ekebergia capensis
Cape beech Rapanea melanophloeos
Cape willow Salix mucronata
Cluster fig Ficus sur
Coast silver oak Brachylaena discolor
Common wild fig Ficus thonningii
Coral tree Erythrina
lysistemon
Dune crow-berry rhus chrenata
False
olive Buddleja Saligna
Forest elder Nuxia floribunda
Karee Rhus lancea
Kei apple Dovyalis caffra
Keurboom Virgilia oroboides
Ponpon tree dias cotinifolia
Sweet thorn Acacia karroo
Water berry Syzgium cordatum
Wild camphor bush Tarchonanthus camphoratus
Wild peach
Kiggeleria africana
Wild plum harpephyllum caffrum
White karee Rhus pendulina
White stinkwood Celtis africana
Yellowwood Podacarpus henkelii
Shrubs
Agapantha (most forms)
Aloes (most forms)
Buchu
Diosma ericoides
Bulbine (both yellow and multi-colour)
Cape honeysuckle Tecomaria capensis
Chasmanthe (two forms)
Coastal sage salvia africana-lutea
Crane flower Strelitzia
reginae
Dekriet Chondropetalum tectorum
Erica
(most forms)
Gazania (4 forms)
Honey-bell bush
Freylinia lanceolata
Kooigoed Helichrysum petiolare
Kouterbossie Athanasia parviflora
Mesembryanthamums (most
forms)
Mickey mouse bush Ochna serrulata
Noem-Noem
Carissa bispinosa
Plumbago Plumbago auriculata
Porkbush Portulacaria afra
Pride of the kaap Bauhinia
galpinii
Proteas (most forms)
Red hot poker
kniphopia (three forms)
Renosterbos Elytropappus rhinocerotis
Sagewood buddleja salvifolia
Seeroogblommetjie Hypoestes
aristata
September bush Polygala myrtifolia
Watsonia (most forms)
Weeping sage buddleja auriculata
Wild iris Dietes grandiflora
Wilde dagga Leonotis leonurus
Wolhaarpuisbos Euryops pectinatus |
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